• ICRC Distinction Principle
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule1
https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/war-and-law/03_distinction-0.pdf
Rule of international humanitarian law requiring parties in war to distinguish between civilians and combatants.
• ICRC Proportionality Principle
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule14
https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/war-and-law/04_proportionality-0.pdf
https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/proportionality
Prohibits attacks expected to cause excessive civilian harm compared to the anticipated military advantage.
• Human Shields in International Law
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule97
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977/article-51
International law prohibits using civilians to shield military objectives from attack.
• Urban Warfare Casualty Ratios
https://civiliansinconflict.org/our-work/conflict-trends/urban-warfare/
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/urban-services-during-protracted-armed-conflict
Research and reports examining civilian harm and casualty patterns in densely populated urban combat environments.